A cytogenetic saga
The discovery of chromosome banding methods: significance and biomedical prospects
Keywords:
CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES, CARIOTYPING, CHROMOSOME BANDING, CHROMOSOMES, CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONSAbstract
Human chromosome identification systems and several chromosome banding methods, developed during the last four decades, are briefly reviewed under a historical perspective. Numerous episodes that built the basis of the present modern structural and molecular citogenetics (the author took part in some of them) are reported. Some molecular aspects related to this methodology are also mentioned, in order to contribute to the understanding of different aspects of the underlying chromosomal structures revealed by these methods. The analytical procedures developed in our laboratory for the study of nuclei and chromosomes, the results of quantitative analysis of the subtelomeric region and its probable relationship with cryptic aberrations detected in this chromosomal segment and responsible for mental retardation and congenital abnormalities, are described. Finally, we also include a brief report about the application of chromosome banding in the Human Genome Project and on its potential usefulness in the development of experiments on the artificial synthesis of eukariotic cell nuclei, of considerable significance in biology, is also included.
References
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3) Langdon-Down JH. Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots. Clinical Lectures and Reports. London Hosp 1866; 3: 259-62.
4) Waardenburg PJ. Mongolismus. In: Das Menschliche Auge und seine Erhanlagen. La Haya: Nijhoff, 1932: 44-8.
5) Turpin R, Caratzali A, Rogier H. Étude étiologique de 104 cas de mongolisme et considérations sur la pathogénie de cette maladie. Congrès de la Federation Internationale Latine des Sociétés d'Eugénique, 1. Paris: Masson, 1937: 154-64.
6) Turpin R. L'hérédité des prédispositions morbides. Paris: Gallimard, 1951; p. 261.
7) Drets Me, Navarro A, Ravera J, Muxi J, Touya F. Estudio del cariotipo en algunas disgenesias gonadales. Ann Fac Med (Montevideo), 1964; 49: 411-6.
8) Lejeune J. Leçon Inaugurale par le Professeur Jérôme Lejeune. Chaire de Génétique Fondamentale. Faculté de Médecine de Paris. Sem Hopit 1965; 22: 1339-46.
9) Lejeune J, Gauthier M, Turpin R. Les chromosomes humains en culture de tissus. CR Acad Sci (Paris) 1959; 248: 602-3.
10) Lejeune J. Les chromosomes humains. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1965: 535.
11) Lejeune J. The study of gross chromosomal abnormalities. In: Krooth RS, ed. Somatics Cell Genetics Macy Conference of Genetics, 4. Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press, 1964: 1-10.
12) Patau K. The identification of individual chromosomes, especially in man. Am J Hum Genet 1960; 12: 250-76.
13) Patau K. Chromosome identification and the Denver report. Lancet 1961; I: 933-4.
14) Patau K. Polémica pública sobre la presentación de Lejeune J. "The study of gross chromosomal abnormalities". In: Krooth RS, ed. Somatics Cell Genetics Macy Conference of Genetics, 4. Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press, 1964: 11-122.
15) Patau K. Identification of chromosomes. In: Yunis JJ, ed. Human chromosome methodology. New York: Academic Press, 1965: 155-86.
16) Lejeune J, Gauthier M, Turpin R. Étude des chromosomes somatiques de neuf enfants mongoliens. CR Acad Sci (Paris) 1959; 248: 1721-2.
17) Lejeune J, Turpin R, Gauthier M. Le mongolisme, premier exemple d'aberration autosomique humaine. Sem Hopit 1959; 2: 41-9.
18) Ramón-Guerra AU, Drets ME. Recuento cromosómico en un caso de mongolismo y en un mongólico con anemia aplásica. Arch Pediatr Uruguay. 1962; 33: 224-30.
19) Drets ME, Cardoso H. Karyotyping in class. Lancet 1968; 1:1376.
20) Caspersson T, Farber S, Foley GE, Kudynowski J, Modest Ej, Simonsson E, et al. Chemical differentiation along metaphase chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 1968; 49: 219-22.
21) Caspersson T, Zech L, Johansson C. Differential binding of alkylating fluorochromes in human chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 1970; 60: 315-9.
22) Caspersson T, Lomakka G, Zech L. The 24 fluorescent patterns of the human metaphase chromosomes - distinguishing characters and variability. Hereditas 1971; 67: 89-102.
23) Weisblum B, De Haseth Pl. Quinacrine, chromosome stain specific for deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate-rich regions in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972; 69: 629-32.
24) Pardue ML, Gall JG. Chromosomal localization of mouse satellite DNA. Science 1970; 168: 1356-8.
25) Arrighi FE, Hsu TC. Localization of heterochromatin in human chromosomes. Cytogenetics 1971; 10: 81-6.
26) Craig-Holmes AP, Moore FB, Shaw MW. Polymorphism of human C-band heterochromatin. I. Frequency of variants. Amer J Hum Genet 1973; 25: 181-92.
27) Stern C. Principles of Human Genetics. San Francisco: Freeman, Principios de Genética Humana. (Traducción: Drets, ME). Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 1963: 1-830.
28) Drets ME. Methods of improvement of human chromosome morphology. Quaterly Research Report of Section of Medical Genetics. Houston: MD Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute 1970: 9-10.
29) Drets ME. Specific Banding Patterns of Human Chromosomes Quaterly Research Report of Section of Medical Genetics. Houston: MD Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute 1971a: 1.
30) Drets ME. Specific Banding Patterns of Human Chromosomes Quaterly Research Report of Section of Medical Genetics. Houston: MD Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute 1971b:1-8.
31) Drets ME, Shaw MW. Specific banding patterns of human chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 1971: 68, 9: 2073-7.
32) Paris Conference. Standardization in human cytogenetics. Cytogenetics 1971; 11: 313-62.
33) Dutrillaux B, Lejeune J. Sur une nouvelle technique d'analyse du caryotype humain. Compt Rend Acad Sci Paris 1971; 272: 2638-40.
34) Seabright M. Rapid banding technique for human chromosomes. Lancet 1971; 2: 971.
35) Dutrillaux B. Nouveau système de marquage chromosomique: les bandes T. Chromosoma 1973; 41: 395-402.
36) Therman E, Susman, M. Human Chromosomes Structure, Behavior and Effects. Berlín:Springer, 3rd. ed. 1993: 1-376; Cromosomas Humanos. Estructura, Comportamiento y Efectos. Brasil: Soc Bras Gen, ed. (Traducción: Drets, ME) 1996: 1-383.
37) Blackburn EH, Gall JG. A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. J Mol Biol 1978; 120: 33-53.
38) Holmquist Gp. Chromosome bands, their chromatin flavors and their functional features. Am Hum Genet 1992; 51:17-37.
39) Denver Report. A proposed standard system of nomenclature of human mitotic chromosomes. J Hered 1960; 51: 221-41.
40) London Conference. The normal human karyotype. Cytogenetics 1963; 2: 264-8.
41) Chicago Conference. Standardization in human cytogenetics. Birth Defects, Original Article Series, New York: The National Foundation, March of Dimes, 1966; 2: 2.
42) Yunis JJ. High resolution of human chromosomes. Science 1976; 191: 1268-70.
43) ISCN An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. High resolution banding. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1978; 21: 309-404.
44) ISCN An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. In: Harnden DG, Klinger, HP eds. Report of the Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Basel: Karger, 1981: 117.
45) Drets ME. Human Chromosome Band Mapping. Lancet 1975; 1035.
46) Drets ME, Seuanez H. Quantitation of heterogeneous human heterochromatin microdensitometric analysis of C- and G-bands. In: Coutinho EM, Fuchs F, eds. Physiology and Genetics of Reproduction. Part A, New York: Plenum, 1973: 29-52.
47) Drets ME, Bandscan - A computer program for on-line linear scanning of human banded chromosomes. Comp Progr Biomed 1978; 8: 283-94.
48) Drets ME, Monteverde FJ. Automated cytogenetics with modern computerized scanning microscope photometer systems. In: Obe G, Basler A, eds. Cytogenetics: basic and applied aspects. Berlin: Springer, 1987: 48-64.
49) Drets ME, Folle GA, Monteverde FJ. Quantitative detection of chromosome structures by computerized microphotometer scanning. In: Obe G, Natarajan AT, eds. Chromosomal aberrations: basic and applied aspects. Berlin: Springer, 1989: 1-12.
50) Drets ME, Folle GA, Martínez W, Bonomi R, Duarte JE, Mechoso BH, et al. Quantitative localization of chromatid breaks induced by Alu I in the long arms of chromosome number 1 of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by microphotometric scanning. In: Obe G, Natarajan AT eds. Chromosome Aberrations, Origin and Significance. Berlin: Springer, 1994; 169-83.
51) Martínez-López W, Bonomi R, Folle GA, Drets ME. Microphotometric scanning of chromatid gaps and breaks induced by AluI y BamHI in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Braz Jour Genet 1996; 19: 577-82.
52) Drets ME, Drets GA, Queirolo PJ, Monteverde FJ. Computer graphics as a tool in cytogenetic research and education. Comp Appl Biosci, CABIOS First Byte. 1995; 11: 463-68.
53) Meyne J, Ratliff RL, Moyzis RK. Conservation of the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG) n among vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 89: 7049-53.
54) Allen TD, Jack EM, Harrison CJ. The three dimensional structure of human metaphase chromosomes determined by scanning electron microscopy, in: KW Adolph ed. Chromosomes and Chromatin. Florida: CRC Press Inc, 1988; 51-72.
55) Ludeña P, Sentis C, De Cabo F, Velázquez M, Fernández-Piqueras J. Visualization of R-bands in human metaphase chromosomes by the restriction endonuclease MseI. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1991; 57: 82-6.
56) Zakian VA. Structure and function of telomeres. Ann Rev Genet 1989; 23: 579-604.
57) Blackburn EH, Greider CW. Telomeres. Monograph 29. Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press. 1995: 1-396.
58) Conforth MN, Eberle RL. Termini of human chromosomes display elevated rates of mitotic recombination. Mutagenesis 2001; 16: 85-9.
59) Riethman Hc, Xiang Z, Paul S, Morse E, Hu X-L, Flint J, et al. Integration of telomere sequences with the draft human genome sequence. Nature 2001; 409: 948-50.
60) Drets ME, Obe G, Monteverde FJ, Folle GA, Medina II, De Galvez MG, et al. Computerized graphic and light microscope analyses of T-banded chromosome segments of Chinese hamster ovary cells and human lymphocytes. Biol Zentbl 1992a; 111: 204-14.
61) Drets Me, Obe G, Folle Ga, Medina Ii, De Gálvez Gm, Duarte Je, et al. Appearance of "holes" in sub-telomeric regions of human and Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosomes by prolonged incubation in T-banding buffer followed by Giemsa staining. Braz J Genet 1992b; 15: 927-33.
62) Drets Me, Mendizábal M. The underlying structure of the subtelomeric segments detected by microphotometrical scanning and graphic image analysis. Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. Mutat Res 1998; 404: 13-6.
63) Obe G, Pfeiffer P, Savage JRK, Johannes C, Goedecke W, Jeppesen P, et al. Chromosomal Aberrations: Formation, Identification and Distribution. Mutat Res 2002 (en prensa).
64) Drets ME. Insights into the structure of the subtelomeric chromosome segments. Genet and Mol Biol 2000; 23: 1087-93.
65) Schubert I. Telomeric polymorphism in Vicia faba. Biol Zentrabl 1992; 111: 164-8.
66) Chong L, Van Steensel B, Broccoli D, Erdjument-Bromage H, Hanish J, Tempst P, et al. A human telomeric protein. Science 1995; 270: 1663-7.
67) Korenberg JR, Rykowski MC. Human genome organization: Alu, Lines and the molecular structure of metaphase chromosome bands. Cell 1988; 53: 391-400.
68) Watson JD, Crick FHC. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 1953; 171: 737-8.
69) Gurdon JB. Transplanted nuclei and cell differentiation. Scient Am 1968; 219: 24-35.
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2002-09-30
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Drets ME. A cytogenetic saga: The discovery of chromosome banding methods: significance and biomedical prospects. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 2002 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Nov. 24];18(2):107-21. Available from: https://revista.rmu.org.uy/index.php/rmu/article/view/976
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