Exercise and the metabolic syndrome
Keywords:
METABOLIC X SYNDROME, EXERCISEAbstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) will be the 21st Century syndrome. In Europe and the Americas, prevalence of obesity accounts for 17% of the population suffering from metabolic syndrome, doubling the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The metabolic syndrome will be the 21st Century pandemia.
We need to prioritize reversing obesity and the lack of exercise.
The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a series of hemodynamic, molecular or cellular metabolic and inflammatory alterations. It also includes insulin resistance and localized adiposity in the abdominal area.
The association of the MS and new, independent risk factors such as plasma homocysteine and C-reactive protein are considered risk predictors of cardiometabolic risk factors.
Among the most relevant components of MS today, we need to consider oxidative stress and the impact of exercise.
Central or abdominal obesity is an important diagnostic element for MS, closely related to cardiovascular diseases, there being no clear and direct relation with ischemic heart disease. Also, age is associated to the relation between MS and heart disease, accounting for 86% of women of old age. The rate of cardiovascular risk is variable and it depends on specific risk factors.
We aim to show the positive impact of exercise on the MS and as a consequence, how it reduces the risk of vascular alterations, in particular heart alterations.
This review examined the main components of abdominal obesity, alterations the glucidic metabolism, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure, apart from those that have to do with heart disease risk factors, such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and prothombotic state.
References
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(16) Hagnäs MP, Cederberg H, Mikkola I, Ikäheimo TM, Jokelainen J, Laakso M, et al. Reduction in metabolic syndrome among obese young men is associated with exercise-induced body composition changes during military service. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012; 98(2):312-9.
(17) Carson JA, Michalsky L, Latson B, Banks K, Tong L, Gimpel N, et al. The Cardiovascular Health of Urban African Americans: diet-related results from the genes, nutrition, exercise, wellness, and spiritual growth (GoodNEWS) Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112(11):1852-8.
(18) Pritchett AM, Deswal A, Aguilar D, Foreyt JP, Chan W, Mann DL, et al. Lifestyle modification with diet and exercise in obese patients with heart failure: a pilot study. J Obes Weight Loss Ther 2012; 2(2):1-8.
(19) Pisabarro R. Nutrigenética y nutrigenómica: la revolución sanitaria del nuevo milenio. Implicancias clínicas en síndrome metabólico y diabetes tipo II. Rev Méd Urug 2006; 22(2):100-7.
(20) Churilla JR, Johnson TM, Magyari PM, Crouter SE. Descriptive analysis of resistance exercise and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2012; 6(1):42-7.
(21) Golbidi S, Mesdaghinia A, Laher I. Exercise in the metabolic syndrome. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012; 2012:349710.
(22) Onat A, Can G, Yüksel H. Dysfunction of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins: new mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic risk in the population at large. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2012; 40(4):368-85.
(23) Janiszewski PM, Ross R. The utility of physical activity in the management of global cardiometabolic risk. Obesity 2009; 17(Suppl 3):S3-14.
(24) Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boulé NG, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147(6):357-69.
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(26) Fang J, Wylie-Rosett J, Cohen HW, Kaplan RC, Alderman MH. Exercise, body mass index, caloric intake, and cardiovascular mortality. Am J Prev Med 2003; 25(4):283-9.
(27) Weiss EC, Galuska DA, Khan LK, Gillespie C, Serdula MD. Weight regain in U.S. adults who experienced substantial weight loss, 1999-2002. Am J Prev Med 2007; 33(1):34-40.
(28) Lee IM, Djoussé L, Sesso HD, Wang L, Buring JE. Physical activity and weight gain prevention. JAMA 2010; 303(12):1173-9.
(29) Ormsbee MJ, Thyfault JP, Johnson EA, Kraus RM, Choi MD, Hickner RC. Fat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained men. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102(5):1767-72.
(30) Sundell J. Resistance Training Is an Effective Tool against Metabolic and Frailty Syndromes. Adv Prev Med 2011; 2011:984683. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC3168930/ Consulta: 6 de marzo de 2012.
(31) Fett CA, Fett WC, Marchini JS. Circuit weight training vs jogging in metabolic risk factors of overweight/obese women. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009; 93(5):519-25.
(32) Yassine HN, Marchetti CM, Krishnan RK, Vrobel TR, Gonzalez F, Kirwan JP. Effects of exercise and caloric restriction on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in older obese adults-a randomized clinical trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64(1):90-5.
(33) Katano S, Nakamura Y, Nakamura A, Murakami Y, Tanaka T, Nakagawa H, et al. Relationship among Physical Activity, Smoking, Drinking and Clustering of the Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Components. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17(6):644-50.
(34) Maggio AB, Aggoun Y, Martin XE, Marchand LM, Beghetti M, Farpour-Lambert NJ. Long-term follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors after exercise training in obese children. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6(2-2):e603-10.
(35) Nicklas BJ, Wang X, You T, Lyles MF, Demons J, Easter L, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(4):1043-52.
(36) Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, De Feo P, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, et al; Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Investigators. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med 2010; 170(20):1794-803.
(37) Tresierras MA, Balady GJ. Resistance training in the treatment of diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and outcomes. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009; 29(2):67-75.
(38) Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills A, Pal S. Acute exercise improves postprandial cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214(1):178-84.
(39) Koopman R, Manders RJ, Jonkers RA, Hul GB, Kuipers H, van Loon LJ. Intramyocellular lipid and glycogen content are reduced following resistance exercise in untrained healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 96(5):525-34.
(40) Koopman R, Manders RJ, Zorenc AH, Hul GB, Kuipers H, Keizer HA, et al. A single session of resistance exercise enhances insulin sensitivity for at least 24 h in healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94(1-2):180-7.
(41) Irvine C, Taylor NF. Progressive resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother 2009; 55(4):237-46.
(42) Bweir S, Al-Jarrah M, Almalty AM, Maayah M, Smimova IV, Novikova L, et al. Resistance exercise training lowers HbA1c more than aerobic training in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2009; 1:27.
(43) Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2009;169(2):122-31.
(44) Teixeira-Lemos E, Nunes S, Teixeira F, Reis F. Regular physical exercise training assists in preventing type 2 diabetes development: focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:12.
(45) Colberg SR, Albright AL, Blissmer BJ, Braun B, Chasan-Taber L, Fernhall B, et al. American College of Sports Medicine; American Diabetes Association. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42(12):2282-303.
(46) American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes 2009. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(Suppl 1):S13-61.
(47) Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, Gregg EW, Yang W, Gong Q, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 1989; 371(9626):1783-9.
(48) Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(6):1433-8.
(49) Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(11):2518-27.
(50) Teixeira de Lemos E, Reis F, Baptista S, Pinto R, Sepodes B, Vala H, et al. Exercise training decreases proinflammatory profile in Zucker diabetic (type 2) fatty rats. Nutrition 2009; 25(3):330-9.
(51) Lira FS, Yamashita AS, Uchida MC, Zanchi NE, Gualano B, Martins E Jr, et al. Low and moderate, rather than high intensity strength exercise induces benefit regarding plasma lipid profile. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:31.
(52) Green DJ, O'Driscoll G, Joyner MJ, Cable NT. Exercise and cardiovascular risk reduction: time to update the rationale for exercise? J Appl Physiol 2008; 105(2):766-8.
(53) Look AHEAD Research Group, Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Bright R, Clark JM, et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(6):1374-83.
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2012-12-31
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Ramírez M Ángel, Rosety JM, Marcos-Becerro J, Rosety I, Ordóñez F, Rosety-Rodríguez M, et al. Exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 2012 Dec. 31 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];28(4):309-16. Available from: https://revista.rmu.org.uy/index.php/rmu/article/view/329
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