Actualización sobre la incidencia y las causas del insomnio primario y secundario
Palabras clave:
TRASTORNOS DE LA INICIACIÓN Y MANTENCIÓN DEL SUEÑO, TRASTORNOS DEL SUEÑO, INCIDENCIAResumen
Diversos estudios epidemiológicos realizados en Europa y Norteamérica indican que las alteraciones del sueño son comunes en la población general. Su prevalencia es mayor en la mujer y en las personas de edad avanzada. Alrededor de 10% a 19% de los pacientes que consultan por un insomnio señalan que el mismo es de carácter crónico. Las alteraciones del sueño en el anciano están relacionadas en la gran mayoría de los casos a afecciones crónicas, es decir que son independientes del proceso de envejecimiento.
El insomnio primario crónico está vinculado en su inicio a factores emocionales o eventos estresantes. Estos llevan al desarrollo de asociaciones que previenen la aparición del sueño. Esta forma de insomnio no depende de la presencia de afecciones médicas o psiquiátricas.
El insomnio secundario crónico puede depender de otra patología del sueño, una afección psiquiátrica o médica, el efecto de un fármaco de uso clínico o la dependencia a fármacos de adicción. Dentro de las determinantes más frecuentes del insomnio secundario se encuentran las afecciones psiquiátricas (trastornos de ansiedad, depresión), neurológicas (enfermedad de Alzheimer, enfermedad de Parkinson, epilepsia, accidente vascular encefálico, cefaleas), médicas (cardiovascular, respiratoria, gastrointestinal, endócrina, reumática, neoplásica). También se han descrito alteraciones del sueño durante el embarazo y la menopausia. Diversos fármacos de uso clínico (metilxantinas, antidepresivos, antiepilépticos, antihipertensivos, corticoesteroides) y la nicotina dan lugar a la aparición de un insomnio que puede llegar a ser severo.
Citas
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3) Hohagen F, Rink K, Käppler C, Schramm E, Riemann D, Weyerer S, et al. Prevalence and treatment of insomnia in general practice. A longitudinal study. Eur Arch Psychiat Clin Neurosci 1993; 242: 329-36.
4) American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised, 3a ed. Washington: American Psychiatric, 1987.
5) Weyerer S, Dilling U. Prevalence and treatment of insomnia in the Community: Results from the upper Bavarian Field Study. Sleep 1991; 14: 392-8.
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7) Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Zucconi M, Mondini S, Lenzi PL, Coccagna G. Good and poor sleepers: an epidemiological survey of the San Marino population. In: Guilleminault C, Lugaresi E. eds. Sleep/wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution. New York: Raven, 1983: 1-12.
8) Simon GE, VonKorff M. Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiat 1997; 154: 1417-23.
9) Shochat T, Umphress J, Israel AG, Ancoli-Israel S. Insomnia in primary care patients. Sleep 1999; 22 (Suppl 2): 359-65.
10) Foley DJ, Monjan AA, Brown SL, Simonsick EM, Wallace RB, Blazer DG. Sleep complaints among elderly persons: An epidemiologic study of three communities. Sleep 1995; 18: 425-32.
11) Cornoni-Huntley JC, Ostfeld AM, Taylor JO, Wallace RB, Blazer D, Berkman LF, et al. Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly: study design and methodology. Aging Clin Exp Res 1993; 5: 27-37.
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25) Vitiello MV, Prinz PN, Williams DE, Frommlet MS, Ries RK. Sleep disturbances in patients with mild-stage Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M131-M138.
26) McCurry SM, Reynolds CF, Ancoli-Israel S, Teri L, Vitiello MV. Treatment of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4: 603-28.
27) Partinen M. Sleep disorders related to Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 1997; 244 (Suppl 1): S3-S6.
28) Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Karlsen K. A community-based study of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disorders 1998; 13: 895-9.
29) Chokroverty S. Sleep, breathing, and neurologic disorders. In: Chokroverty S, Daroff RB. Eds. Sleep Disorders Medicine Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects. 2a ed. Boston: Butterworth, 1999 (Chapt. 27).
30) Schäffer J, Greulich A. Effects of parkinsonian medication on sleep. J Neurol 2000; 247 (Suppl 4): 24-7.
31) Touchon J, Baldy-Moulinier M, Billiard M, Besset A, Cadilhac J. Sleep organization and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1991; (Suppl 2): 73-81.
32) Sammaritano M, Sherwin A. Effect of anticonvulsants on sleep. Neurology 2000; 54 (Suppl 1): 16-24.
33) Shouse MN, Mahowald MW. Epilepsy and sleep disorders. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 3a ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000: 707-23.
34) Shouse MN, da Silva AM, Sammaritano M. Circadian rhythm, sleep and epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 1996, 13: 32-50.
35) Bassetti C, Chervin R. Cerebrovascular diseases. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 3a ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000: 1072-86.
36) Deegan PC, McNicholas WT. Predictive value of clinical features for the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:117-24.
37) Anch M, Orr WC, Karacan I. Stress, cardiac activity and sleep. J Human Stress 1976; 2: 15-24.
38) Kaye J, Kaye K, Modow L. Sleep patterns in patients with cancer and patients with cardiac disease. J Psychol 1983; 114: 107-13.
39) Murao S, Hamuri K, Katayama S. All-night polygraphic studies of nocturnal angina pectoris. Jap Heart J 1972; 13: 295-303.
40) Schafer H, Koehler U, Ploch T, Peter JH. Sleep-related myocardial ischemia and sleep structure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease. Chest 1997; 111: 387-93.
41) Hyyppä MT, Kronholm E. Quality of sleep and chronic illness. J Clin Epidemiol 1989; 42: 633-8.
42) Kales A, Beall GN, Bajor GF, Jacobsen A, Kales JD. Sleep studies in asthmatic adults: relationship of attacks to sleep stage and time of night. J Allergy 1968; 41: 164-73.
43) McNicholas WT. Impact of sleep in respiratory failure. Eur Respirat J 1997; 10: 920-33.
44) Janson C, Gislason T, Boman G, Hetta J, Roos BE. Sleep disturbances in patients with asthma. Respirat Med 1990; 84: 37-42.
45) Perez-Padilla RR, West P, Letzman M. Breathing during sleep in patients with intersticial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 224-31.
46) Orr WC. Gastrointestinal disorders. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC Eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 3a ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000: 1112-22.
47) Kales A, Heuser G, Jacobson A, Kales JD, Hanley J, Zweizig JR, et al. All-night sleep studies in hypothyroid patients before and after treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1967; 27: 1593-9.
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49) Savard J, Morin CM. Insomnia in the context of cancer: A review of a neglected problem. Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 895-908.
50) Pollmächer T, Holsboer F. Sleep-wake disturbances in HIV-infected patients – A potential model of the interactions between sleep and the immune system. Sleep Res Soc Bull 1996; 2: 37-42.
51) Darko DF, McCutchan JA, Kripke DF, Gillin J, Golshan S. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, disability, and indices of progression of HIV infection. Am J Psychiat 1992; 149: 514-20.
52) Darko DF, Mitler MM, Henriksen SJ. Lentiviral infection, immune response peptides and sleep. Ad Neuroimmunol 1995; 5: 57-77.
53) Drewes AM, Jennum P, Andreasen A, Sjøl A, Nielsen KD. Self-reported sleep disturbances and daytime complaints in women with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. J Musculoeskel Pain 1994; 2: 15-31.
54) Mahowald MW, Mahowald ML, Bundlie SR, Ytterberg SR. Sleep fragmentation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheumatol 1989; 32: 974-83.
55) Moldofsky H, Lue FA, Smythe HA. Alpha EEG sleep and morning symptoms in rheumathoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1983; 10: 373-9.
56) Moldofsky H, Lue FA, Saskin P. Sleep and morning pain in primary osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1987; 14: 124-8.
57) Pongratz DE, Sievers M. Fibromyalgia – symptom and diagnosis: A definition of the position. Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29 (Suppl 113): 3-7.
58) Driver HS, Derk-Jan D, Werth E, Biedermann K, Borbély A. Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 728-35.
59) Santiago JR, Nodello MS, Kinzler W, Santiago TV. Sleep and sleep disorders in pregnancy. Annals Intern Med 2001; 134: 396-408.
60) Manber R, Armitage R. Sex, steroids and sleep: a review. Sleep 1999; 22: 540-55.
61) Polo-Kantola P, Saaresranta T, Polo O. Aetiology and treatment of sleep disturbances during perimenopause and postmenopause. CNS Drugs 2001; 15: 445- 52.
62) Polo-Kantola P, Erkkola R, Helenins H, Irjala K, Polo O. When does estrogen replacement therapy improve sleep quality? Am J Obstetr Gynecol 1998; 178: 1002-9.
63) Serafin WE. Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE. Eds. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9a ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996: 659-82.
64) Kay D, Blackburn AB, Buckingham JA, Karacan I. Human pharmacology of sleep. In: Williams RL, Karacan I Eds. Pharmacology of Sleep. New York: John Wiley, 1976: 63-210.
65) Alford C, Bhatti J, Leigh T, Jamieson A, Hindmarch I. Caffeine-induced sleep disruption: Effects on waking the following day and its reversal with an hypnotic. Human Psychopharmacol 1996; 11: 185-98.
66) Fitzpatrick MF, Engelman HM, Boellert F, McHardy R, Shapiro CM, Deary IJ, et al. Effect of therapeutic theophylline levels on the sleep quality and daytime cognitive performance of normal subjects. Am Rev Repirat Dis 1992; 145: 1355-8.
67) Kaplan J, Fredrickson PA, Renaux SA, O’Brien PC. Theophylline effect on sleep in normal subjects. Chest 1993; 103: 193-5.
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Publicado
2002-05-31
Cómo citar
1.
Monti JM. Actualización sobre la incidencia y las causas del insomnio primario y secundario. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 31 de mayo de 2002 [citado 7 de septiembre de 2024];18(1):14-26. Disponible en: https://revista.rmu.org.uy/index.php/rmu/article/view/998
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Trabajos de Revisión o Actualización y Puestas al día
