El síndrome metabólico
Palabras clave:
SÍNDROME X METABÓLICOResumen
El síndrome metabólico (SM) es una entidad que empezó a ser vislumbrada hace menos de 30 años y que progresivamente ha ido ganando protagonismo por su elevada prevalencia y su capacidad de predecir riesgos vinculados a la diabetes y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Ha sido objeto de diversas denominaciones y definiciones, entre las cuales proponemos adoptar la de la International Diabetes Federation. Recientemente se han planteado reservas acerca de su utilidad y se ha puesto en duda la propia naturaleza del SM como entidad. No obstante, aparece con frecuencia creciente en la literatura médica y el concepto de SM se ha popularizado en el conocimiento médico y de la población general, por lo que creemos oportuno revisar las definiciones propuestas, la etiopatogenia, la prevalencia, su capacidad de predicción de riesgos, las recomendaciones para el manejo de los pacientes con SM y las reservas en cuanto a su valor del SM.
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1) Reaven GM. Banting Lecture 1988: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-607.
2) Kahn R, Buse J, Ferranini E, Stern M. The Metabolic Syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289-304.
3) Greenland P. Critical questions about the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2005; 112: 3675-6.
4) Reaven G. Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease: the end of the beginning. Circulation 2005; 112: 3030-32.
5) Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998;15: 539-53.
6) National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143-421.
7) International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Bruselas: IDF, 2005 <http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/MetS_def_ FINAL.pdf>. (consulta 16/1/06)
8) Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-52.
9) Reaven G. Metabolic Syndrome. Pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 286.
10) Empana P, Ducimetiere P, Charles MA, Jouven X. Sagittal abdominal diameter and risk of sudden death in asymptomatic middle-aged men: The Paris Prospective Study I. Circulation 2004; 110: 2781-5.
11) Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27.000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1640-9.
12) Kragelund C, Omland T. A farewell to body-mass index? Lancet 2005; 366: 1589-91.
13) Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I. Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 29-33.
14) Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjolin E, Wåhlen K, Arner P. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1391-6.
15) Klein S, Fontana L, Young VL, Coggan AR, Kilo C, Patterson BW, et al. Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Eng J Med 2004; 350: 2549-57.
16) Thörne A, Lönnqvist F, Apelman J, Hellers G, Arner P. A pilot study of long-term effects of a novel obesity treatment: omentectomy in connection with adjustable gastric banding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26: 193-9.
17) Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Mizuno K, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K. Analysis of expression profile of genes in the human adipose tissue. Gene 1997; 190: 227-35.
18) Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Garg R. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation 2005; 111: 1448-54.
19) Florez H, Castillo-Florez S, Mendez A, Casanova-Romero P, Larreal-Urdaneta C, et al. C-reactive protein is elevated in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71: 92-100. Epub 2005 Jul 5.
20) Ford ES, Ajani UA, Mokdad AH. The metabolic syndrome and concentrations of C-reactive protein among U.S. youth. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 878-81.
21) Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Kluft C. Relationship of C-reactive protein with components of the metabolic syndrome in normal-weight and overweight elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15: 270-8.
22) Hingorani A, Humphries S. Nature’s randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 366: 1906-8.
23) Timpson NJ, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Gaunt TR, Day IN, Palmer LJ, et al. C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1954-9.
24) Nieuwdorp M, Stroes ES, Meijers JC, Buller H. Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 2: 155-9.
25) Kohler HP. Insulin resistance syndrome: interaction with coagulation and fibrinolysis. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132: 241-52.
26) Schettini C, Schewdt E, Moreira V, Mogdasy C, Chávez L, Bianchi M, et al. Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población adulta. Rev Urug Cardiol 2004; 19: 19-28.
27) Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33: 351-75.
28) Pisabarro R, Irrazábal E, Recalde A. Primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSO I). Rev Méd Urug 2000; 16(1): 31-8.
29) Pisabarro R, Recalde A, Irrazábal E, Chaftare Y. ENSO niños I: primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños uruguayos. Rev Méd Urug 2002; 18(3): 244-50.
30) Bianchi M, Schwedt E, Moreira V, Schettini C, Sandoya E, Senra H. Hipertensión arterial: prevalencia, tratamiento y control en 1995-1998 y en 1999-2003. Rev Urug Cardiol 2003; 18: 114.
31) Dekker JM, Girman C, Rhodes T, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, et al. Metabolic syndrome and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in the Hoorn Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 666-73.
32) Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Parise H, Sullivan L. Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2005; 112: 3066-72.
33) Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, Kamath TV, L’Italien GJ, Pio JR, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 2004; 110: 1245-50.
34) Serra P, Gutiérrez M, Fernández C, Tambucho P, Rauschert M, Martín L, et al. Estudio de prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico según ATPIII e IDF en población diabética tipo 2 asistida en la policlínica de Endocrinología y Metabolismo del Hospital de Clínicas (2002-2005). Poster presentado en el Congreso Uruguayo de Diabetología, 4. (Montevideo, 28-30 julio, 2005).
35) Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287: 356-9.
36) Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2362-74.
37) Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404-11.
38) Ehrmann DA, Liljenquist DR, Kasza K, Azziz R, Legro RS, Ghazzi MN. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolis. 2006 Jan;91(1): 48-53. Epub 2005 Oct 25.
39) Dokras A, Bochner M, Hollinrake E, Markham S, Vanvoorhis B, Jagasia DH. Screening women with polycystic ovary syndrome for metabolic syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 131-7.
40) Citrome L. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19: S84-93.
41) McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophrenia Res 2005; 80: 19-32.
42) Strassnig M, Brar JS, Ganguli R. Nutritional assessment of patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 393-7.
43) American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 2: 596-601.
44) Hagg S, Lindblom Y, Mjorndal T, Adolfsson R. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21: 93-8.
45) Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: antecedent or consequence? Metabolism 2002; 51: 1573-7.
46) Oh SW, Lee S, Kim DJ. Elevated intraocular pressure is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21: 434-40.
47) Sinagra D, Amato C, Scarpilta AM, Brigandi M, Amato M, Saura G, et al. Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2002; 6: 55-9.
48) Laukkanen JA, Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Pukkala E, Hakkarainen A, Salonen JT. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1646-50.
49) Coughlin SR, Mawdsley L, Mugarza JA, Calverley PM, Wilding JP. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 2004; 25:735-41.
50) Tuttle KR. Renal manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 861-4.
51) Tanaka H, Shiohira Y, Uezu Y, Higa A, Iseki K. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 369-74.
52) Esposito K, Giugliano F, Martedi E, Feola G, Marfella R, D’Armiento M, et al. High proportions of erectile dysfunction in men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1201-3.
53) Wannamethee GS, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic Syndrome vs Framingham risk score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Inter Med 2005; 165: 2644-50.
54) Eberly LE, Prineas R, Cohen JD, Vazquez G, Zhi X, Neaton JD, et al. Metabolic syndrome: risk factor distribution and 18-year mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(1): 123-30.
55) Kawamoto R, Tomita H, Oka Y, Kodama A. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of ischemic stroke in elderly persons. Intern Med 2005; 44: 922-7.
56) Kwon H, Kim MJ, Lee S, Choi SH, Oh B, Yoon B. Metabolic syndrome as an independent risk factor of silent brain infarction in healthy people. Stroke 2006 Feb; 37(2): 466-70.
57) Nissen SE, Wolski K, Topol EJ. Effect of Muraglitazar on death and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2005; 294: 2581-6.
58) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72.
59) Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rössner S, RIO-Europe Study Group. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1389-97.
60) Després JP, Golay A, Sjöström L. Effects of Rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2121-34.
61) Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Pelan S, Cato RK, et al. Randomized Trial of Lifestyle Modification and Pharmacotherapy for Obesity. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2111-20.
62) Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365: 1415-28.
63) Giugliano D, Esposito K. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 175-6.
64) Citrome L, Holt RI, Dinan TG. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes: response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 176.
65) Cheta DM. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 176-7.
66) 66.Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 177.
67) 67.Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Citrome el al, Giugliano and Esposito, Cheta, and Psaty el al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 177-8.
2) Kahn R, Buse J, Ferranini E, Stern M. The Metabolic Syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289-304.
3) Greenland P. Critical questions about the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2005; 112: 3675-6.
4) Reaven G. Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease: the end of the beginning. Circulation 2005; 112: 3030-32.
5) Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998;15: 539-53.
6) National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143-421.
7) International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Bruselas: IDF, 2005 <http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/MetS_def_ FINAL.pdf>. (consulta 16/1/06)
8) Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-52.
9) Reaven G. Metabolic Syndrome. Pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 286.
10) Empana P, Ducimetiere P, Charles MA, Jouven X. Sagittal abdominal diameter and risk of sudden death in asymptomatic middle-aged men: The Paris Prospective Study I. Circulation 2004; 110: 2781-5.
11) Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27.000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1640-9.
12) Kragelund C, Omland T. A farewell to body-mass index? Lancet 2005; 366: 1589-91.
13) Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I. Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 29-33.
14) Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjolin E, Wåhlen K, Arner P. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1391-6.
15) Klein S, Fontana L, Young VL, Coggan AR, Kilo C, Patterson BW, et al. Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Eng J Med 2004; 350: 2549-57.
16) Thörne A, Lönnqvist F, Apelman J, Hellers G, Arner P. A pilot study of long-term effects of a novel obesity treatment: omentectomy in connection with adjustable gastric banding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26: 193-9.
17) Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Mizuno K, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K. Analysis of expression profile of genes in the human adipose tissue. Gene 1997; 190: 227-35.
18) Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Garg R. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation 2005; 111: 1448-54.
19) Florez H, Castillo-Florez S, Mendez A, Casanova-Romero P, Larreal-Urdaneta C, et al. C-reactive protein is elevated in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71: 92-100. Epub 2005 Jul 5.
20) Ford ES, Ajani UA, Mokdad AH. The metabolic syndrome and concentrations of C-reactive protein among U.S. youth. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 878-81.
21) Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Kluft C. Relationship of C-reactive protein with components of the metabolic syndrome in normal-weight and overweight elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15: 270-8.
22) Hingorani A, Humphries S. Nature’s randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 366: 1906-8.
23) Timpson NJ, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Gaunt TR, Day IN, Palmer LJ, et al. C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1954-9.
24) Nieuwdorp M, Stroes ES, Meijers JC, Buller H. Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 2: 155-9.
25) Kohler HP. Insulin resistance syndrome: interaction with coagulation and fibrinolysis. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132: 241-52.
26) Schettini C, Schewdt E, Moreira V, Mogdasy C, Chávez L, Bianchi M, et al. Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población adulta. Rev Urug Cardiol 2004; 19: 19-28.
27) Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33: 351-75.
28) Pisabarro R, Irrazábal E, Recalde A. Primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSO I). Rev Méd Urug 2000; 16(1): 31-8.
29) Pisabarro R, Recalde A, Irrazábal E, Chaftare Y. ENSO niños I: primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños uruguayos. Rev Méd Urug 2002; 18(3): 244-50.
30) Bianchi M, Schwedt E, Moreira V, Schettini C, Sandoya E, Senra H. Hipertensión arterial: prevalencia, tratamiento y control en 1995-1998 y en 1999-2003. Rev Urug Cardiol 2003; 18: 114.
31) Dekker JM, Girman C, Rhodes T, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, et al. Metabolic syndrome and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in the Hoorn Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 666-73.
32) Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Parise H, Sullivan L. Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2005; 112: 3066-72.
33) Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, Kamath TV, L’Italien GJ, Pio JR, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 2004; 110: 1245-50.
34) Serra P, Gutiérrez M, Fernández C, Tambucho P, Rauschert M, Martín L, et al. Estudio de prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico según ATPIII e IDF en población diabética tipo 2 asistida en la policlínica de Endocrinología y Metabolismo del Hospital de Clínicas (2002-2005). Poster presentado en el Congreso Uruguayo de Diabetología, 4. (Montevideo, 28-30 julio, 2005).
35) Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287: 356-9.
36) Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2362-74.
37) Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404-11.
38) Ehrmann DA, Liljenquist DR, Kasza K, Azziz R, Legro RS, Ghazzi MN. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolis. 2006 Jan;91(1): 48-53. Epub 2005 Oct 25.
39) Dokras A, Bochner M, Hollinrake E, Markham S, Vanvoorhis B, Jagasia DH. Screening women with polycystic ovary syndrome for metabolic syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 131-7.
40) Citrome L. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19: S84-93.
41) McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophrenia Res 2005; 80: 19-32.
42) Strassnig M, Brar JS, Ganguli R. Nutritional assessment of patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 393-7.
43) American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 2: 596-601.
44) Hagg S, Lindblom Y, Mjorndal T, Adolfsson R. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21: 93-8.
45) Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: antecedent or consequence? Metabolism 2002; 51: 1573-7.
46) Oh SW, Lee S, Kim DJ. Elevated intraocular pressure is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21: 434-40.
47) Sinagra D, Amato C, Scarpilta AM, Brigandi M, Amato M, Saura G, et al. Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2002; 6: 55-9.
48) Laukkanen JA, Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Pukkala E, Hakkarainen A, Salonen JT. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1646-50.
49) Coughlin SR, Mawdsley L, Mugarza JA, Calverley PM, Wilding JP. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 2004; 25:735-41.
50) Tuttle KR. Renal manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 861-4.
51) Tanaka H, Shiohira Y, Uezu Y, Higa A, Iseki K. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 369-74.
52) Esposito K, Giugliano F, Martedi E, Feola G, Marfella R, D’Armiento M, et al. High proportions of erectile dysfunction in men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1201-3.
53) Wannamethee GS, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic Syndrome vs Framingham risk score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Inter Med 2005; 165: 2644-50.
54) Eberly LE, Prineas R, Cohen JD, Vazquez G, Zhi X, Neaton JD, et al. Metabolic syndrome: risk factor distribution and 18-year mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(1): 123-30.
55) Kawamoto R, Tomita H, Oka Y, Kodama A. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of ischemic stroke in elderly persons. Intern Med 2005; 44: 922-7.
56) Kwon H, Kim MJ, Lee S, Choi SH, Oh B, Yoon B. Metabolic syndrome as an independent risk factor of silent brain infarction in healthy people. Stroke 2006 Feb; 37(2): 466-70.
57) Nissen SE, Wolski K, Topol EJ. Effect of Muraglitazar on death and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2005; 294: 2581-6.
58) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72.
59) Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rössner S, RIO-Europe Study Group. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1389-97.
60) Després JP, Golay A, Sjöström L. Effects of Rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2121-34.
61) Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Pelan S, Cato RK, et al. Randomized Trial of Lifestyle Modification and Pharmacotherapy for Obesity. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2111-20.
62) Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365: 1415-28.
63) Giugliano D, Esposito K. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 175-6.
64) Citrome L, Holt RI, Dinan TG. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes: response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 176.
65) Cheta DM. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 176-7.
66) 66.Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Kahn et al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 177.
67) 67.Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, response to Citrome el al, Giugliano and Esposito, Cheta, and Psaty el al. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 177-8.
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2006-05-31
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1.
Romero CE. El síndrome metabólico. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 31 de mayo de 2006 [citado 27 de julio de 2024];22(2):108-21. Disponible en: https://revista.rmu.org.uy/index.php/rmu/article/view/770
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